Speed Units at a Glance
Every speed unit in common use, with their relationships:
- m/s: the SI base unit for speed, used in physics and science
- km/h: road speeds in most of the world; wind speed in meteorology
- mph: road speeds in US, UK, and a handful of other countries
- knots: aviation airspeed, nautical navigation, and wind speed in aviation weather
- ft/s: occasional US engineering use; bullet/projectile speeds
- Mach: ratio of speed to local speed of sound (~343 m/s at sea level, 20°C)
Speed Reference Points
Anchoring unit conversions to real-world speeds makes them intuitive:
- Walking: ~5 km/h = 3.1 mph = 1.4 m/s
- Cycling: ~25 km/h = 15.5 mph = 6.9 m/s
- Highway car: ~120 km/h = 74.6 mph = 33.3 m/s
- High-speed train: ~300 km/h = 186 mph = 83.3 m/s
- Commercial aircraft cruise: ~900 km/h = 559 mph = 486 knots = Mach 0.85
- Speed of sound (Mach 1, sea level, 20°C): 1,235 km/h = 767 mph = 667 knots
- Low Earth orbit: ~28,000 km/h = 17,398 mph = Mach 23
Mach Number: What It Really Means
Mach number isn't a fixed speed — it's the ratio of your speed to the local speed of sound, which changes with air temperature and therefore altitude. Mach 1 at sea level is 1,235 km/h; at cruising altitude (11,000 m, −56°C) it's only about 1,062 km/h.
- Subsonic: below Mach 0.8
- Transonic: Mach 0.8–1.2 (shock wave formation begins)
- Supersonic: Mach 1.2–5.0
- Hypersonic: above Mach 5 — friction heating becomes severe
- Concorde cruise: Mach 2.02 (~2,180 km/h at altitude)
- SR-71 Blackbird: Mach 3.35 — highest sustained speed for a crewed aircraft