Baker's Percentages Explained
Baker's percentages don't add up to 100% — flour is always 100%, and every other ingredient is a percentage of the flour weight. A 60% hydration dough with 500g flour contains 300g water. This system makes scaling trivial and recipes portable regardless of batch size.
- Flour = always 100% (the base)
- Water = 60% of flour weight for Neapolitan; 63% for NY; 70% for pan
- Salt = 2-3% of flour weight — critical for flavour and gluten structure
- Yeast = 0.1-0.5% for slow fermentation; up to 1% for quick same-day dough
- Oil = 0% Neapolitan (not traditional); 2% NY-style for added extensibility
The 3 Major Pizza Styles: What Makes Each Different
Hydration and fermentation time are the two knobs that separate the styles. Higher hydration = more open, airy crumb. Longer ferment = more flavour complexity.
- Neapolitan (60%): lowest hydration, hand-stretched only, tiny yeast + 18-24h bulk ferment, cooked at 400°C+ in 60-90 seconds
- New York (63%): slightly more hydration + small oil addition, par-baked low-and-slow, large hand-tossed pies, tangy cheese-pulls
- Pan / Sicilian (70%): highest hydration, poured into oiled pan, thick focaccia-like crumb, baked at 230-250°C
- Detroit: similar to Sicilian but baked in steel pans with cheese to the edge — creates a fried cheese crust
Fermentation: Cold vs Room Temperature
Fermentation builds flavour. Cold fermentation (refrigerator at 4°C) slows yeast dramatically, allowing longer fermentation without over-proofing — typically 24-72 hours. Room-temperature fermentation is faster (4-18 hours) but requires precision with yeast amounts.
- Cold ferment (24-72h): more complex flavour, better leopard spotting in the oven
- Room temp ferment (18-24h): traditional Neapolitan method with very little yeast
- Same-day dough (4-6h): use more yeast (0.5-1%) and warmer water; less complex flavour
- Overproofed dough: sticky, tears easily, no oven spring, dense crumb — reduce yeast or ferment cooler
- Underproofed dough: dense, chewy, no bubbles — extend ferment by 25-50%
Flour Types and Why They Matter
Flour protein content determines gluten development, which determines dough extensibility (stretchability) and chew. Pizza dough needs moderate-to-high protein for proper structure.
- Italian 00 flour: 11-12% protein, very fine grind, extensible dough — the Neapolitan standard
- US bread flour: 12-14% protein, slightly chewier crust — excellent for NY style
- All-purpose flour: 10-11% protein — usable but not ideal; lower structure
- Caputo Pizzeria 00: the most widely used professional Neapolitan flour
- Adding small amounts of semolina (5-10%) adds texture and prevents sticking